Abstract: Modulation format identification (MFI) and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) monitoring are essential for elastic optical networks. A method for joint modulation format identification and ...

Euler and Venn diagrams are used to visualise the relationships between sets. Both typically employ circles to represent sets, and areas where two circles overlap represent subsets common to both ...

The UEFA pathway offers four places and features 16 teams: The 12 runners-up from the European Qualifiers group stage, plus ...

FIFA modified the draw for 2026 to create separate pathways to the semifinals for the four-highest ranked teams: Spain, ...